Which of the following is NOT a primary approach to behavioral learning theory?

Cognitive dissonance theory is the correct answer because it does not align with the primary approaches to behavioral learning theory. Instead, it is primarily associated with cognitive psychology and deals with the mental discomfort that arises from holding contradictory beliefs or values. Cognitive dissonance theory explains how individuals strive to maintain internal consistency and may change their beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort caused by dissonance.

In contrast, the other theories listed—contiguity theory, classical conditioning theory, and operant conditioning theory—are foundational concepts within behavioral learning theory. Contiguity theory focuses on the association between stimuli and responses based on their proximity in time or space, while classical conditioning involves learning through association, famously demonstrated by Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. These three theories are integral to understanding behavioral learning, making cognitive dissonance theory an outlier in this context.